Large domestic demand can support multiple networks
Countries with many major cities and high passenger volumes can sustain more than one airline without relying entirely on the same customers.
Different hubs create separate catchment areas
Airlines based in different metropolitan regions can build networks around their own local demand and connecting geography.
Business models can diverge
One carrier may emphasize premium long-haul travel while another focuses on low-cost or regional flying, reducing direct overlap.
Ownership histories can create parallel champions
Mergers, privatizations, regional governments and private investors can produce more than one airline with national scale.
Competition can benefit consumers
Multiple strong carriers may increase schedule choice and put pressure on fares and service, though airport constraints can limit that effect.
National identity is not a legal monopoly
An airline can be culturally associated with a country without excluding other carriers from holding equally important international roles.
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