Departure and destination conditions affect basic legality
Cloud base and visibility can determine whether an airport is usable under the planned approach. Wind direction and strength influence runway selection and performance.
Upper-level winds shape time and fuel
A strong headwind can add substantial flight time, while a tailwind can shorten it. Dispatchers and flight-planning systems choose altitudes and routes that balance wind, distance, traffic and aircraft performance.
Convective weather requires strategic avoidance
Thunderstorms can contain severe turbulence, hail, lightning and wind shear. Radar helps crews identify precipitation, but safe planning keeps meaningful distance from strong cells rather than threading through them.
Icing matters both on the ground and in cloud
Cold moisture can contaminate wings before takeoff or build ice in flight. Deicing, anti-icing systems and route or altitude changes are used depending on the situation.
Alternates provide an escape from deteriorating weather
Rules and company procedures may require extra fuel and a nominated alternate when destination conditions are marginal. The alternate must itself be realistically usable.
The weather picture keeps changing after departure
Crews receive updated reports from air traffic control, datalink, onboard radar and other aircraft. A route that looked acceptable before takeoff may be modified when conditions evolve.
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